Limiting The Freedom Of The Press Essay

Advertising is a powerful and effective source of information in our everyday life just like TV or internet. Advertisers use ads to encourage people to get products and make products more applicable to them. Respectively, advertisers should allow the freedom of the press. Freedom of the press is freedom of communication and the right to publish newspapers, magazines, and other printed matter without governmental restriction or any restrictions. Gloria Steinem argues effectively that advertisers are controlling the freedom of the press, since they are determining what women should receive or should not. To support her argument she mentions compromises she encountered when she made rules accepting ads in Ms. Magazine. One of Gloria Steinem goals in Ms. Magazine was to add gender neutral ads in her magazine, She wanted to introduce stuff like cars and electronics, such ads were not common in regular women’s magazine. Nevertheless, she encountered negative attitudes by many companies. She mentions, â€Å"U.S carmakers firmly believe that women choose the upholstery color, not the car, but we are armed with statistics and reader mail to prove the contrary. A car is an important purchase for women, one that is such a symbol for mobility and freedom that many women will spend a greater percentage of income for a car than will counterpart men. (Steinem 233)† Using this example Gloria Steinem shows that some companies have the idea that women are shallow and they only care about the outer look not about the over all the performance. Because of their outrageous mentality they are refusing to put ads of their products in women magazines. Nevertheless, Steinem by convincing foreign car makers to advertise in her magazine. She proved that women are equally important customers as men and women’s market should be taken seriously. Thus according to advertisers women do not understand technology, and such ads are not made for them. Ads advertisers are placing  in women magazines are different from the ads that are placed in other magazines. It was clearly stated when U.S car companies refused to put ads of their products in Ms. magazine while they usually do it in other ones. Refusing to introduce certain ads in women’s magazine for unconvincing reasons and the examples Gloria Steinem introduced strengthen her argument that advertisers are choosing their audience and determining the what each group of people should get. She provided another example to further support her argument,: Steinem points out to cigarettes. She mentions Essence, a magazine that was the only national magazine for African American women. This magazine had praised cigarettes and posted ads of models smoking, encouraging black women to smoke. And then Gloria Steinem states â€Å"According to California statistics, African American women are more addicted to smoking than the female population at large, with all the attendant health problems. (Steinem 243).† Therefore, Advertisers that represented cigarettes ads in this women magazine are the reason that black women are more addicted to smoking than other female population. Ads promoted smoking regardless of its unhealthy dreadful effects and that fact that it causes deaths. By pointing out such example, Steinem further supports the idea advertisers choose what they want to introduce to their audience. Steinem also shows that ads promote products regardless if they are good or not. Gloria Steinem mentions that ads in women magazines are different from those in neutral gender magazines. She states â€Å"The same companies that insist on recipes in women’s magazines place ad in people where there are no recipes. Cosmetic companies support the New Yorker, which has no regular beauty columns, and newspaper pages that has no â€Å"beauty atmosphere (Steinem 239) â€Å". She includes another prove, â€Å"We also explain that placing food ads only next to recipes and how-to entertain articles is actually a negative for many women. It associates food with work- in a way that says only women have to cook- or with guilt over not cooking and entertaining. Why not advertise food in diverse media that don’t always include recipes (thus reaching more men, who have become a third of all supermarket shoppers anyway and add the recipe interest with specialty magazines like Gourmet (a third of whose readers are men)? (Steinem 238).† Gloria Steinem explains that advertisers have double standard. They introduce different ads to different group of  people that affects them in certain ways (introducing recipes in women’s add made them feel obligated to cook.). The ads that are in women’s magazines are different form those that are in other magazines. Hence, advertisers don not have a specific criteria in making their ads.They just provide what they think a certain group of people should receive. On the other hand, advertisers should not determine what women should receive. Advertisers should have one criteria introducing their ads to all audience, not different ads for different audience. Steinem states this idea to open the eyes of her readers that advertisers by doing this are actually limiting the freedom of advertising. Not that having advertisers choose the audience that receive certain ads was not bad enough. Advertisers now have their own rules and orders that should be applied before placing their ads in a certain magazine. Gloria Steinem states â€Å"Meanwhile, advertisers’ control over the editorial content of women’s magazines has become so institutionalized that it is sometimes written into â€Å"insertion orders† or dedicated to ad salespeople as official policy- whether by the agency, the client, or both.† And then she mentions some of the orders that were given to women’s magazine effective in 1990. â€Å"An American Tobacco company order for a Misty Slims ad noted that the U.S government warning must be included, but also that there must be: â€Å"no adjacency to editorial relating to health, medicine, religion, or dead (Steinem 241).† Besides the fact that advertisers are using different ads for different group of people, advertisers have their own rules and orders for their ads. They are requiring praise for their products. And this made new fields like â€Å"beauty writing† to be invented. This kind of writing praise products to oppress and push women to buy certain products. By mentioning some of the rules advertisers ask for, Steinem shows that instead of giving the freedom to include whatever editorial texts to be included, advertisers are choosing what to and not to be included in a certain ad or around a certain ad. Steinem relates this to her argument, because by choosing what editorials text should be included and by having specific demands and orders advertisers are clearly limiting the freedom of the press. Gloria Steinem shows how women’s magazines are filled with ads rather than  content . She mentions how ads makes the greater part of women’s magazines. â€Å"I picked up a variety of women’s magazines for February 1994, and counted the pages in each one (even including the table of contents, letters to editors, horoscopes, and the like) that were not ads and/or copy complementary to ads. Then I compared that number to the total pages. Out of 184 pages, McCall’s had 49 that were nonad or ad-related (Steinem 241).† She mentions more magazines and all of them had small portion that was nonad or ad-related. What Steinem is trying to show, is that women’s magazines are out of content. They are mostly ads. Whereas, looking back, women’s magazines had more meaningful content. â€Å"As older readers will remember, women’s magazines used to be a place where new young poets and short story writers could be published. Now, that’s very rare (Steinem 243).† Steinem uses comparison to show how women magazines have changed as time passed. It’s clearly that they worsened. They became meaningless and they lacked real and interesting information. This lack of reality and creativity in women’s magazines caused them to be repetitive; all going over the same products but in different editorial styles. This takes us back to Steinem main argument that advertisers are limiting the freedom of the press since they are the ones who control what a magazine would and wouldn’t have; and that is because they are they are paying to the articles that looks more applicable to the products they are advertising. Gloria Steinem was sufficient supporting her main argument, she stated clearly how advertisers choose their audience and determine what they should receive, how ads in women’s magazine differ from other ones, how advertisers are making their own rules and orders ,and finally how women’s magazine changed negativity during time. For all these reasons she mentioned, she proved that advertisers are not allowing the freedom of the press, they are actually limiting it and taking control over it. Work citation: Steinem,Gloria. â€Å"Sex lies and Advertising.† Signs of Life in the USA:Readings on Popular Culture for Writers, Sixth Edition. Ed.Sonia Massik, Jack Solomon. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s,2009. 227-247. Print.

Graduate level

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The animated production process, creating storyboards, writing and revising scripts, drafting artwork, character creation, for a â€Å"full-length feature film can take approximately three to four years† (Trademarks Animation, 2011).This extensive recess also employs â€Å"small collaborative teams that are responsible for preparing storyline and ideas for the initial stages of development† (Trademarks Animation, 2011). During these intense early stages of a project new hires are placed in mentoring initiative program. Mentoring supports the overall project while also providing direction to the newest staff members. Thus, â€Å"ensuring that ideas follow the best creative path within a desired budget and schedule parameters† (Trademarks Animation, 2011).The first 90 days are In orientation, but afterwards new employees are trained on the DEW â€Å"proprietary software† and attend â€Å"welcome session hosted by CEO Jeffrey Guttenberg† (Henchman, 2 01 AAA). There are many different mentoring programs at DEW. These programs primarily focus on recruitment of mid-level talent, new college graduates, entry level professionals, and the highly specialized (Trademarks Animation, n. D. ). All of the DEW mentoring programs pair the new hire with an experienced staff member.The Henchman (AAA) article, discusses a recent graduate In the DEW mentoring program. The trainee Is a Visual Artist, named Each Glenn, and Is coming up on the end of his training (AAA). Henchman (AAA) continues describing, the Visual Artist's downtime allowed him to be able to help his mentor, who was having difficulties on a â€Å"snowball† scene (AAA). The mentor asked for suggestions, and the trainee had a chance to learn more about the scene while helping (Henchman, AAA).The trainee Each, explained, â€Å"I'd show him what I'd come up with, and he'd show me what he had been doing. So we Just kept that process up, and coming over to each other's desk and showing the progress we had until we merged these little effects into the snowball† (Henchman, AAA). Mentoring examples like this show how there is a great opportunity for learning from both the trainee and the mentor. This also levels the playing field and allows the trainee to feel they are a â€Å"peer† with equal status.There are mentoring programs that DEW uses to recruit entry level graduates and then pair them with the seasoned employees. One of the mentoring programs Is scouts potential new talent in â€Å"Art/illustration, Design, Character Animation, Computer Graphics, and Media Studies graduates from colleges and universities around the globe† (Trademarks Animation, n. D. ). In addition to the scouting, they also offer training programs and coaching for these entry level positions. DEW also offers in-house digital training and artistic development training programs available for all employees.There is another outreach mentoring program for entry level professionals and recent college graduates referred to as the â€Å"Challenges/ Initiatives† that select new hire to participate in one of four (4) different programs; The Story Initiative Program, Character FIX Initiative, FIX Challenge, and Character AD Challenge (Trademarks Animation, n. D. ). These four mentoring programs offer a broad range f topics and discussions on; how an animated film pipeline is organized, the principles of animation, interpreting character designs, and how to incorporate them into the animation process.Each of these training program initiatives supports the trainees learning in the specific areas chosen. The program's training objectives are implemented over the first 90 to 180 days, depending on the program. The mentor programs pair a trainee with a seasoned and specialized mentor. The trainee has to perform duties in a simulated training environment. The training environment is identical but separate from the real projects that the mentor is on. The mentor observes the trainees activity, and the decisions made. The environment is parallel where the trainee can experience the same challenges as the mentor.The trainee has to use their independent Judgment and their skills Just as they would have to if working on the actual project. This trainee environment provides these rich opportunities, which are â€Å"Critical to the success and learning new and potentially foreign concepts, but also the ability to work within a production team environment and seek advice from experts (Trademarks Animation, n. D. ). In addition, this is all appending in a training environment, so there is more flexibility and time to discuss situations where the trainee wants clarification.Additional concepts discussed include key ideas important to the deformation process, programming procedural controls, and techniques to successfully present ideas and results to both creative and technical audiences (Trademarks, 2014). Data's mentoring program seems to go beyond the entry-level and middle staff to the higher levels of the executive suite. Several DEW female executives served on a panel. The ladies' group was called the Bay Area Women in Film & Media, and the event was at Trademarks. All women panel of DEW executives discussed workplace culture and described how it was to work in a male dominated field.Each executive description of Data's culture was supportive, fun, rewarding, and better than other studios they had worked. There was one unidentified executive who was speaking about being a woman in DEW â€Å"Mans world† and she enjoyed working with the men, and it was special to work with Spielberg (Cited). Implications Trademarks Animation's Head of HER is Daniel Sweethearts, and his team performs mid-project reviews and boasts a 97% retention rate (Henchman, Bibb). After 90 says the employee is brought in for a meeting with HER to discuss â€Å"best practices,† experiences elsewhere† (Henchman, Bibb).This HER practice of meeting face to face after 90 days for their feedback, can help improve nonbinding, and also relays an important message to the employee. The new employee has a forum for two-way communications and a valued as a new member of the team. This communication forum is important as it is early in their DEW career and will likely set the tone. DEW provides resources for new staff to engage and to better get acclimated. There are also employee training programs to help increase employee knowledge base.For the technologists, they have established in-house digital training and artistic development training programs. In order to recruit and retain talented creative and technical personnel, they have established relationships with the top animation schools and industry trade organizations (Trademarks, n. D. ). Sweethearts, describes how the mentoring at DEW can forge a â€Å"tribal connection† between the new hire and the veteran, when it is done early in the menthe's em ployment (Henchman, Bibb). This employee investment at all staffing levels is a way for employers to demonstrate their support of the employees.Experts agree; companies must make their employees feel engaged and help them feel like they are performing meaningful work (Rickets, 2008). It seems employees are â€Å"sensitive† and will â€Å"react† positively or not positively according to the treatment they perceive their employer gives them. Corporate HER consulting expert explains, â€Å"If an organization does not make conscious efforts to not only onboard new team members, but also to create cultural moments that give them an experience?not Just the language?of the vision, then it is very difficult for them to feel bonded† (Elliot, 2013).It can be seen how Trademarks Animation integrates the experience of their seasoned mentors to train new staff. They also are able to recruit and retain employees, with their â€Å"established relationships with the top animat ion schools and industry trade groups† (Trademarks Animation Form ASK, 2011). From Straightness's discussion, part of the importance of mentoring the newest staff is to help them understand and learn Data's culture and also to coach them in handling projects. He also mentions, â€Å"many of these individuals will go on to be leaders within DEW while others may go on to be leaders in the Animation Industry' (Henchman, Bibb).Sweethearts says, â€Å"We hire so many experienced people that we get lots of interesting ideas from other companies,† and add, â€Å"we hire a good number of recent graduates, so we get fresh eyes†(Henchman, Bibb). The resources that DEW puts into training new hires and pairing them with senior level employee shows they want to invest in their staff. This type of investing in staff with mentoring programs, training programs, and two way communication can be plenty reasons they are a â€Å"great place to work,† and other companies can learn to invest in staff development an result in ordainment.Properly training staff will initially require more resources, manpower, and management coordination, but in the long run the company outperforms the competition. Research supports the idea that those companies that outperform their competition have also retained their most talented employees (Fuller, Gerhard & Scott, 2003). This further adds to the point that DEW is investing in their team with mentoring programs, training, and executive mentoring. This is a lesson worth learning for any CEO looking to increase the bottom line and provide Job

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When the Tulip was first introduced to Holland, tulip ownership was primarily limited to wealthy nobles and scholars. Antwerp, Brussels, Augsburg, Paris, and Prague are among some of the cities where such tulips first began to circulate. The exorbitant price as well as the great demand for this commodity gave rise to an extraordinary event in Dutch history – The Tulip boom of   1636 – 1637. The Tulip Boom was an economic phenomenon which   took place on the year 1636. This craze lasted for a year. (McGuigan, B. (2007), ‘What is a Tulip Craze?’, Conjecture Corporation) The cause of the said phenomena was the sudden surge of the demand for tulip flowers and bulbs. The Tulip was prized back then for its rarity, beauty and because of the fact that it takes around 7 years to grow a tulip seed into a bulb. It was said that a reasonable purchase price for an ordinary   single tulip-bulb of the Viceroy variety consists of: â€Å"two [loads] of wheat and four of rye, four fat oxen, eight pigs, a dozen sheep, two ox heads of wine, four tons of butter, a thousand pounds of cheese, a bed, some clothing and a silver beaker. This price roughly estimated to be amounting to   2,500 guilders (Dutch Currency) is of course ridiculously exorbitant nowadays considering that it is only for a piece of bulb which does not even guarantee that it will produce a flower. The said price however during those days   is deemed a Fair and reasonable† purchase price   for an ordinary tulip bulb. Rarer species during the height of the Dutch ‘tulip mania’ in the seventeenth century would be double or triple that price, a Semper Augustus, considered to be even more precious than the Viceroy tulip, could bring in close to 6,000 guilders. (Schulman, B. (2007), ‘Tulip’, The Regents of Minnesota University) Eventually, some tulips were sold at the rate of a single bulb for the value of a house, and lots of bulbs were exchanged for large estates. Tulips became a commodity on the Dutch stock exchanges, allowing people who weren’t cultivators or traders to try to take advantage of this boom. It was noted that many people began putting enormous amounts of wealth into speculation on the tulip market — in extreme cases, even their entire savings or properties. The Tulip craze reached a fevered pitch in the year 1636, which witnessed a lot of   money pouring into the market, as well as speculation on tulip futures offered by traders who had not yet planted bulbs. At around 1637, the market became saturated with the said product, and some traders began to sell, often in large amounts. This caused panic on the so called tulip merchants making them want to sell their tulips immediately even up to the point   of selling cheap. Needless to say the said   speculation caused an enormous downturn. As a   result the   tulip craze ruined many thousands of people financially, as tulip bulbs that had been purchased for the price of a great estate were nearly devalued overnight to the price of common onions. To stop the economy from plummeting and because of the fact that   tulip prices and the practice of tulip speculation became so excessive and frenzied the States of   Holland passed a statute curbing such extremes in the year 1637. (Jones, S. ((2005), ‘House Prices Tulip Mania A lesson from History !’) II.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Current Global Mining Resources Boom As of the present, Mining companies are in the midst of an immense economic boom, accompanied with high levels of demand and   an above average boost in revenue and profits. It is apparent that   the Global   demand for metals is closely related to global GDP, although rapidly expanding economies tend to have a higher intensity of use of some metals, particularly steels, than advanced countries (Mandaro, L(2006).   ‘Joy Global: No end to mining boom in sight’,). Many analysts believe that the current peaks may represent long-term strength in the market, driven largely by the economic engines of China and India. The rapid growth of   Chinese and Indian economies seem to have been inversely affected by   the   growth of Western economies. The advancement being enjoyed by the two countries is showing   no signs of imminent slump or stagnation. The said Phenomenal levels of this demand were not expected nor anticipated(Achieving High Performance in Mining: Winning Today, Succeeding Tomorrow (1996-2007). The mining industry may not have the same nature of cycles as typically perceived by investors, but the current level of high metals prices appears to be holding up and the predicted peak keeps on moving. Amidst the apparent boom   which the mining sector is experiencing presently, some measures still need to   be implemented   by the   executives of the mining sectors to focus on the opportunities that todays high commodity prices present, it is apparent that the mining sector needs to keep an eye on significant challenges that lie beyond the current boom to achieve high performance. It is a known fact that   although   prices are not likely to drop to the lows which occurred a few years back, the said prices   are likely to fluctuate and fall below todays levels. This assessment is considered accurate given the number of players globally, there is a high risk of investing in future excess capacity. Production costs are skyrocketing, especially energy and input material costs, these variables seem to have diminished the positive effects   the benefits of the commodity boom has in store for the mining industry. In a global industry, commodity price and currency volatility have the potential to erode the benefits coming from the profits being enjoyed by the Mining industry (Ernst Young.(2006) ‘A Timely Opportunity for Private Equity?’). Todays strong market gives companies an opportunity to invest in preparing to meet those challenges. Mining companies need to plan for a potential downturn as well as for continued high demand. In short, they need to balance the ability to exploit todays boom times with well-founded strategies that will continue to deliver value to shareholders in the post-boom period. They also must pay close attention to a range of issues to drive the triple bottom line and focus not only on economic results, but also on the social and environmental impact of their operations. In an era of global competition, mining companies must constantly look for ways to improve those operations, mostly by applying modern technology on the mining equipments used from mines to concentrators to smelters (Ernst Young.(2006) ‘A Timely Opportunity for Private Equity?’). III. The New York Stocks Exchange Commission (NYSE) Stock exchange transactions are basically transactions that involve the day to day activities of brokers and dealers. These individuals facilitate the buying and selling of financial assets. Brokers execute trades on behalf of clients and receive commissions and fees in exchange for matching buyers and sellers. Dealers, on the other hand, buy and sell from their own portfolios (Stock Exchange(2007)) Microsoft MSN Encyclopedia Encarta) .They earn income by selling a financial instrument at a price that is greater than the price the dealer paid for the instrument. Some exchange participants perform both roles. The said transactions occur frequently nowadays and is governed primarily by Stock exchange commissions, the most noted of these organizations would probably be the New York Stocks Exchange Commission.   The New York Stocks Exchange Commission is the worlds largest marketplace for securities. It was   organized back in 1792 by a group of stockbrokers who wanted a more orderly way to sell and buy company stocks (The New York Stock Exchange) (2007),   Encyclopedia Britannica Online). The New York Stock exchange was formerly located at number 40 Wall Street in New York City, But As the said establishment grew it was   later moved into what is currently the New York Stock Exchange Building. Membership was   limited to 1,366 since 1953, and is obtained by purchasing a seat from a current   existing member. Major stock exchanges in the United States include the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the American Stock Exchange (AMEX), both in New York City. The NYSE is   operated by a board of directors, whose primary role is to   list down   securities, to set policies and to supervise the stock exchange and its member activities. Another important function of the NYSE is to oversee the transfer of members seats on the Exchange, which would involve judging whether a potential applicant is qualified to be a specialist. Stock exchanges perform important roles in national economies (New York Stock Exchange – NYSE (2007), Investopedia). Most importantly, they encourage investment by providing places for buyers and sellers to trade securities. This investment, in turn, enables corporations to obtain funds to expand their businesses. The Stock market, is of course the mirror of the current economic situation of a country. The NYSE, being the largest of them all,   would of course imply that any fluctuation occurring in the NYSE stock market   would of course mirror the   economic situation of the U.S. This would best be illustrated by the economic turmoil experienced by the said country on the year 1929. It was an event remembered by many because of a lot of unseemly things happened within a blink of an eye. In the 1920s, things were really rocking in the US and around the world. The rapid increase in industrialization was fueling growth in the economy, and technology improvements had the leading economists believing that the up rise would continue. The enormous amount of unsecured consumer debt created by this speculation left the stock market essentially off-balance. It was on the 24th of October 1929, when   the stock prices began to fall and brokers began to sell. By noon of the same day, millions of shares had been sold. The selling frenzy continued all afternoon. Before the close of the day, 13 million shares had been traded and the market dropped an estimated amount of four billion dollars. Many investors, tried to even things up, and as a course of action they invested their life savings, mortgaged their homes, and cashed in safer investments such as treasury bonds and bank accounts. After some time the realization of what had happened began to sink in, and a full-blown panic ensued. People who had invested their entire life savings during the boom became destitute. Many of the banks which had speculated heavily with their deposits were wiped out by the falling prices, and these bank failures sparked a run on the banking system. As a result many banks and businesses were forced to close. Each failed bank, factory, business, and investor contributed to the downward spiral that would drag the world into the Great Depression. Five days later, the worst possible scenario took place. On that day, over 16 million shares of stock were sold and the market fell over 14 billion dollars. By comparison, the entire budget of the U.S. Government that year was three billion dollars. In one day, the United States lost more capital than it had spent in all of World War I. And so it came to pass that thousands of investors many of them ordinary working people, were financially ruined. By the end of that   year, stock values had dropped by fifteen billion dollars (The Crash,   NYC Architecture. Retrieved August 29, 2007). Bibliography    The Dutch Tulip Boom Schulman, B. (2007), ‘Tulip’, The Regents of Minnesota University, Retrieved August 28, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     http://bell.lib.umn.edu/Products/tulips.html McGuigan, B. (2007), ‘What is a Tulip Craze?’, Conjecture Corporation,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Retrieved August 28, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-tulip-craze.htm Jones, S. ((2005), ‘House Prices Tulip Mania A lesson from History !’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Retrieved August 28, 2007   http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article18.html Sykes, T. (2003), ‘Tulips from Amsterdam’, Retrieved August 27, 2007 http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Conferences/2003/Sykes.pdf The Current Global Mining Resources Boom Mandaro, L(2006).   ‘Joy Global: No end to mining boom in sight’, Marketwatch Retrieved August 29, 2007 http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/5VZZZjDn3fVvlBkkp9z78Ht Achieving High Performance in Mining: Winning Today, Succeeding Tomorrow (1996-2007),   Accenture, Retrieved August 29, 2007. http://www.accenture.com/Global/Services/By_Industry/Mining/R_and_I/WinningTodaySucceedingTomorrow.htm Ernst Young.(2006) ‘A Timely Opportunity for Private Equity?’ Ernst Young Global.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved August 29, 2007. http://www.ey.com/global/content.nsf/International/Mining_Private_Equity The New York Stocks Exchange Commission The New York Stock Exchange (2007),   Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved August 29, 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055541/New-York-Stock-Exchange New York Stock Exchange – NYSE (2007), Investopedia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved August 29, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nyse.asp The Crash,   NYC Architecture. Retrieved August 29, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.nyc-architecture.com/LM/LM036-NEWYORKSTOCK EXCHANGE.htm Stock Exchange(2007), Microsoft MSN Encyclopedia Encarta. Retrieved August 29, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560145/Stock_Exchange.html Gongloff, M. ‘Attacks could hit economy’. CNN Money. Retrieved August 30, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://money.cnn.com/2001/09/11/economy/wtc_econ/

Hydrogen Fuel Cells The Fuel Of The Future Environmental Sciences Essay

Hydrogen Fuel Cells The Fuel Of The Future Environmental Sciences Essay Ever since the beginning of the human era, there has been an ever growing necessity for energy. Energy is the most basic aspect of human development. From lighting and communication to cooking and transport, quick and easy access to energy makes the modern way of life possible. Currently, planet earth is addicted to inefficient, polluting, and non-renewable sources of energy such as coal and oil. These energy sources allow for the unequal distribution of the benefits of energy. Some communities may receive the wealth and cheap energy that coal and oil bring, while others receive only polluted streams, acid rain, and deadly toxins. Fortunately, there is an answer to this problem: hydrogen fuel cells. Because hydrogen fuel cells are an emission-free fuel source, are more efficient than current fossil fuel sources, and have the possibility to create a diversified energy economy, more investments need to be made in this budding technology. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and has been present since the beginning of time. The earths own life-giving star, its sun, is composed almost entirely of this element (Bose and Malbrunot 22). As the smallest element in the universe, hydrogen consists as a diatomic, gaseous molecule with a single proton and a single electron. Hydrogen does not exist in its pure form on the planet, but it is present as a compound in molecules like water, glucose, natural gas, and even oil (Busby). Because it is found in such a variety of sources, hydrogen is the perfect power source for fuel cells. What exactly are hydrogen fuel cells and why will they be the fuel of the future? Hydrogen fuel cells are a mechanical device that convert the electrochemical energy found in a fuel source, like hydrogen, into electrical energy, with the only byproducts being heat and water (Hoffmann 6). In all fuel cells there are two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte, a membrane capable of moving ions, in between the two (Sorenson 73). During their operation, hydrogen fuel is injected into the anode side, while oxygen, usually from the air, is pumped to the cathode. The hydrogen molecule disassociates, and the proton passes through the electrolyte to join the oxygen, while the electron from the hydrogen molecule travels in an outside circuit, producing electrical current (Brus and Hotek 22). Because of the fact that fuel cells have no moving parts, they are much more efficient than conventional internal combustion engines, which makes them a great investment for the future of the planets energy. In addition, there are multiple types of fuel cells, each with their own sets of merits and each able to be used a different way in todays energy economy. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the most prevalent type of fuel cell today. They deliver a high power density and a low weight to volume ratio (Sorensen 81). Because of this, and their abnormally low operating temperature of 80Â ° Celsius, PEMFCs are ideal for use in cars, buses, and other small scale portable applications. Also, the low operating temperature of PEMFCs allow for less wear and tear on the electrolyte, thereby reducing maintenance costs (Hordeski 145). Although PEMFCs have excellent performance characteristics in vehicles, they do not produce the amount of power necessary for large scale operations, like power plants. Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are the answer to this problem. MCFCs have a higher operating temperature, around 800Â ° Celsius, which allows them to create a much higher amount of energy per unit of fuel. This also makes them difficult to use in portable applications (Kandlikar). In addition, MCFCs can reach efficiencies of up to seventy percent if cogeneration, the capturing of waste heat, is used. This is much higher than the twenty five to thirty five percent efficiencies of coal fired power plants (Brus and Hotek). Because of the large amount of energy produced in MCFCs, their excellent efficiency, and their possible cogeneration applications, they are much better suited for stationary applications, such as power plants, than are fossil fuels. Currently, the main reasons that hydrogen fuel cells are not in more widespread use is the lack of production, delivery, and storage infrastructure. Almost all of the energy infrastructure in the United States, and indeed the world, is geared toward fossil fuels (Busby). With a forward looking investment, the current fossil fuel infrastructure can easily be converted to hydrogen. The first step in creating a reliable hydrogen infrastructure is to invest in renewable hydrogen production methods. Renewable production methods include wind, solar, and hydroelectric. All of these methods produce energy, which leads to the eventual electrolyzing or splitting of water to produce both hydrogen, which is used in fuel cells, and oxygen, which can be captured as a useful byproduct (Hydrogen Energy). One of the main reasons experts such as Peter Hoffmann argue for a more widespread use of hydrogen fuel cells is because they have the possibility to become a zero emission fuel source. Hoffmann recognizes that a future hydrogen economy would consist of hydrogen being produced from clean, primary sources of energy. (8-9). Although the conversion of the existing fossil fuel based infrastructure would cost billions of dollars, citizens of the United States must evaluate whether the continued damage to the planet is worth the cost of switching to a renewable hydrogen based infr astructure. Before switching to a hydrogen based economy, one of the problems that must be solved is hydrogen storage. Hydrogen is an excellent energy storage medium, with energies in the range of 142 MJ kg-1 per unit of mass, but it has a low density (Broom 5). This produces the above mentioned storage problem, because although fossil fuels have a much lower energy content per unit of mass, 47 MJ kg-1, they are a liquid at ambient temperatures, which gives them a much higher density (Farndon). How can the high energy hydrogen be stored in such a way that it gives off the greatest amount of energy per unit of volume, rather than per unit of mass? Multiple options are available, the first of which is storing hydrogen as a compressed gas. Compressing hydrogen results in acceptable pressures, which are around 70 MPa per liter (Broom 5). Compressed hydrogen can also be transferred from dispenser to car in much the same way as gasoline. This makes it both easier and less costly to modify the current gasoline based infrastructure to accommodate hydrogen, although more money is needed to begin to facilitate the transition. The second option for hydrogen storage in the future would be as a complex solid metal hydride. These metal hydrides are transition metals, chiefly lanthanum, which soak up hydrogen like a sponge and then release it when given small amounts of energy (Sorensen). An advantage of these hydrides is that they can store hydrogen at densities higher than compressed hydrogen and gasoline, therefore providing more energy per unit of volume, which allows for smaller storage tanks on vehicles and other portable applications (Ogden). This allows for smaller cars, cell phones, and even power plants. Although the technology of complex metal hydrides is only just beginning to become available, it has great potential for a future hydrogen storage source and now only needs investments to make it become a reality. The only remaining infrastructure necessity for a future hydrogen based economy is a hydrogen delivery system that effectively moves hydrogen from its production source to its destination quickly and efficiently. Fortunately, because of the recent natural gas boom in the United States, this problem may have solved itself. Natural gas and hydrogen are similar: both are a gas at room temperature, both have similar densities, and both can be transported in vehicles and pipelines (Backus 6). Because of their similar properties, it is possible to modify the existing natural gas transportation network to transport hydrogen in place of natural gas. This would result in the quick and easy movement of hydrogen from its production source to its final destination, whether it be a fuel pump, a power plant, or even a cell phone charger (Potera). However, additional investments are needed to convert the natural gas network to hydrogen. One of the most overlooked advantages of a hydrogen based economy are the diverse uses for fuel cells. Commonly thought that their only applications would be in vehicles, fuel cells can actually be used for both small and large scale power generation as well as in vehicles. The most promising frontier is probably large scale power generation. As noted before, fuel cells produce electricity, heat, and water as byproducts (Hoffmann 6). Both forms of energy, the heat and the electricity, can be used to generate power on an industrial scale, making fuel cells far more efficient than fossil fuels (6). Also, hydrogen fuel cells have a possibility fossil fuels never had. They can be used for large scale localized power generation to power homes and neighborhoods. This reduces energy loss that takes place with power plants (153). The size and cogeneration ability of fuel cells makes them a great candidate for the future of the centralized power grid. Another application for fuel cells is in the portable electronics field. Because they produce direct current, fuel cells can be used to power virtually anything that batteries are able to power (Potera). Currently, some companies, like Jadoo Power, are marketing small scale consumer electronics that are fueled solely by hydrogen fuel cells. The fuel cells in these electronics are not only smaller than most batteries, but they also deliver more power for a longer period of time (Hoffmann 154). Because of their size and longevity, the military is beginning to take notice of the potential applications for fuel cells in the armed forces. The military is in need of smaller and lighter power sources for portable devices, and Jadoos technology ideally suits them, says Bob Unger, program manager at Kuchera Defense Systems (qtd. in Potera). Although the prospective applications for portable hydrogen fuel cells are only beginning to emerge, the industry is already in need of investments to kic k-start the development of hydrogen fuel consumer electronics. While both the portable and the stationary applications of hydrogen fuel cells are still emerging markets, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is not. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have been under development since the 1970s, with the main goal of making them cost effective. Currently, approximately 10,000 fuel cell vehicles are on the road worldwide, with the eventual goal of increasing that number to around 500,000 by 2025 (Peter Hoffmann Responds). Advancements in technologies such as complex metal hydrides have reduced the size, cost, and weight of FCVs. It is estimated that if mass produced, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles would cost between 20,000 and 50,000 dollars, which is comparable with the cost of current vehicles (Ogden). Also, FCVs have driving ranges from 300 to 400 miles and refueling times of five minutes or less, which is also comparable with those of the current gasoline powered cars (Brown). So the question now becomes, why are there not more FCVs on the road right now? The an swer to this is the lack of infrastructure, mainly refueling stations. If more investments are made in a hydrogen based economy and its infrastructure, then the possibilities for growth are limitless. Although there are numerous advantages of a hydrogen economy, it is possibly easier to make an argument against the continued use of a fossil fuel based energy economy. Fossil fuels are a polluting, climate-warming, and non-renewable source of energy (Dawson and Spannagle 17). During their combustion, fossil fuels release greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. In addition to being extreme irritants for people with breathing difficulties, these compounds also cause the acidification of water, often resulting in acid rain, and the death of many organisms that survive in coral reefs (18). The emission of the above compounds also causes a severe depletion in the ozone layer, the high altitude barrier over the earth that protects its inhabitants from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun (17). Because of the amount of harmful pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by fossil fuels, their use should be discontinued in favor of hydrogen fuel cell s. Although the amount of pollutants that fossil fuels emit is astounding, there are other disadvantages of their use. Climate change, which has only part of the international agenda since the 1970s, has continued to gain importance, especially in the wake of natural disasters like hurricanes Katrina, Isaac, and most recently, Sandy (Dawson and Spannagle 3). These natural disasters have also drawn attention to some of the effects of climate change, like rising sea levels and changing planetary climate patterns. There is significant evidence that supports the conclusion that humans, through the combustion of fossil fuels, are warming the atmosphere of the earth, roughly 1.4Â ° F so far. Although that number may seem insubstantial, over the next 100 years, the earths temperature is expected to rise anywhere from 5Â ° F to 14Â ° F if emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide continue at their current rates (Climate Change Basics). For that reason, investments in renewable resource s, such as hydrogen fuel cells, are needed. The final argument against fossil fuels is their non-renewability. Unlike hydrogen, fossil fuels cannot be replenished, and their reserves are currently being depleted. At present, there are an estimated 1.3 trillion barrels of oil left in the world. This is expected to last for no more than forty years. (Dawson and Spannagle 7). Fossil fuels are merely a short fix to the long term energy problem facing the planet. As John and ÇiÄÅ ¸dem Sheffield so eloquently put it, a coherent energy strategy is required, addressing both energy supply and demand, taking account of the whole energy life cycle (1). Fossil fuels are not the solution that the planet needs for its energy crisis. In addition to the numerous disadvantages of fossil fuels, there are many advantages to a completely hydrogen based economy. The first of these is complete energy security and independence. Because hydrogen can be produced from such a wide variety of sources, there is no possibility that one single country, like Saudi Arabia, would control a monopoly on its production (Hoffmann 8). Any country where the sun shines, the wind blows, and there is water can produce enough hydrogen to satisfy its energy needs. If the United States completely switched to a hydrogen fuel based economy, there would be no need to import oil, coal, or natural gas from other countries (Sheffield and Sheffield 7). However, before that transition can come about, more investments are needed in hydrogen fuel cells. Yet another major advantage of hydrogen fuel cells as a future energy source is the lack of emissions. As mentioned previously, hydrogen fuel cells produce only water as their emissions, which is not a greenhouse gas (Benefits). Because of this, water would have no effect on the climate. This is possibly the greatest advantage of hydrogen fuel cells. A fuel cell running on hydrogen emits little to no pollutants over the course of the chemical process (Benefits). Based on data gathered by the United States department of energy, a stationary fuel cell power plant emits less than half an ounce of pollution per 1,000 Kw/h of produced electricity, while fossil fuels create around twenty five pounds of greenhouse gasses and pollutants for the equivalent quantity of produced electricity (Sperling and Cameron 27). Emissions of pollutants from fuel cells are so small that some places in the United States have allowed fuel cells to be exempt from air quality controls (Benefits). Because of the ir low emissions, hydrogen fuel cells should be used in place of fossil fuels in a future energy economy. The final main advantage of hydrogen fuel cells is their excellent efficiency when compared with fossil fuels. Because fuel cells create energy using an electrochemical process and do not combust fuel, they are essentially have greater efficiencies than combustion engines (Brus and Hotek 23). Fuel cell systems today achieve forty to fifty percent fuel to electricity efficiency using only the electricity produced from the electrochemical reaction as power. If cogeneration is used, a fuel cells efficiency can be dramatically increased to between eighty five and ninety percent. Cogeneration can even help reduce a buildings heating costs in the winter by around thirty percent (Benefits). Even fuel cell vehicles are between two and three times more efficient than regular fossil fuel vehicles (Hoffmann 37). Because of their incredible efficiencies when compared with fossil fuel combustion sources, hydrogen fuel cells deserve the money and subsidies that governments currently give to fossil fuel companies. Although hydrogen fuel cells have large amounts of advantages, there is one main disadvantage: cost. The current price for 1kg of hydrogen, the energy equivalent of one gallon of gasoline, is around twelve dollars (Hydrogen Energy). Most citizens of the United States are used to paying three to four dollars for a gallon of gas, which is much less expensive than hydrogen. However, the price of gas fails to take into account the environmental damage associated with fossil fuels. If factored into the price, one gallon of gasoline costs between ten and eleven dollars (Hoffmann 64). Although the initial price of hydrogen may seem high when compared with gasoline, when the environmental damage is taken into account, hydrogen is actually less expensive than gasoline. Since hydrogen fuel cells emit no harmful pollutants, have efficiencies greater than current fossil fuel sources, and can create a diversified energy economy, they need more investments. Planet earth is facing an energy crisis. The human race must grow, develop, and move past old and inefficient ways of generating energy and into a future where clean and efficient hydrogen fuel cells generate energy for eons to come. If this transition into a hydrogen economy can be made, then the human race has utilized an energy source that can power the earth for thousands more years. If not, then the human race may face a bleak future without one of the main essentials for human existence: energy.

Performance- Enhancing Drugs Ethical Dilemma

Performance- Enhancing Drugs Ethical Dilemma ETHICAL DILEMMA ESSAY At least once, unless extremely lucky, we are either peer pressured or presented with an opportunity to experiment with a drug, this could be an illegal drug as well as it being portrayed as a legal drug. Often consequences are not minor but major and are negative and sometimes the result is completely unexpected. How we choose to be influenced can have an impact on shaping our worldview. Ethical Dilemma Members of Pauls team have been experimenting with a new performance- enhancing drug that seems to have remarkable results. The drug not being a banned substance or illegal and because of the teams continuous winning streaks the coach has ignored teammates using it. Paul faces either to also take this drug or lose the starting position he has worked extremely hard for on his team. Pauls want to succeed so badly may influence teammates pressuring him into also experimenting with the enhancing drug so he can catch up with the others. Paul knows that there are two options, one is to accept the sample offered by his teammate thus securing his starting position that has been already threatened that he could possibly lose, or two, refusing the sample and most likely losing his position but morally being able to live with that consequence and all possible negative effects that could develop because of taking this drug. Core Beliefs 1 Cor.8:7-13: What would this activity due to my conscience? Does this activity or could this activity affect the growth of a fellow believer? Could my actions also affect others, if so would it not be wiser to be involved in something that does affect others? What if their conscience is even weaker? The outcome could cause others to think this is ok and they themselves experience far worse negative effects than myself. (Christian Moral and Ethical Dilemmas, Dealing with Dilemmas Predicaments and Sticky Situations n.d.) Resolution The Bible does not say anything exactly about using drugs. We learn through Scripture that it is although wrong. The Bible tells us that the body is a temple of the Holy Spirit and we should honor God with it. (1 Cor. 6:19-20) Knowing consequences of what drugs can do to our bodies such as harming organs says we would be destroying the temple of the Holy Spirit. In Romans 13: 1 it says to follow authorities that God himself put into place. By using drugs, we are not following authorities but instead going against what God has wanted. Per to this Paul should not be tempted in destroying his body and in so rebelling against authorities God put into place only because of the risk of losing a position on his team. The outcome or side effect of situation could be far worse than a starting position on his team. Evaluation Unintended consequences and the perceived benefits are the downfalls to experimenting with any type of drug. Once a drug becomes abusive it has been shown to alter gene expression and brain circuitry, which affects human behavior. When you become addicted, brain changes start to interfere with normal abilities to make decisions and you become dependent on how and where you can get more of the drug. In an article wrote by the National Institute on Drug Abuse they have identified some of the negative effects of drug addiction to include cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and lung disease any of these can happen after one time of doing drugs (Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), n.d.) Paul could very well become addicted after just one use or worse his life could end or even a close teammate could have also had a negative affect happen to them. Comparison Gods ethical order can be said to be the only absolute true source of morality, in fact, is the only possible morality. There is no other option to compare to, 2 Cor. 4:18, Apostle Paul says the physical order is temporary, but the order not seen is eternal. We learn standards by which we should conduct ourselves in situations such as the one Paul faces when the Bible does not give exact instructions on what to do (What is Christian ethics? n.d.). Paul faces a decision that can not only affect him but also affects his teammates and his ability to be truthful in respect of what is wrong and right. His entire future can be formed by making this one decision which could have terrible if not possibly deadly consequences for himself or other teammates involved. The comparison between doing something on your own and or using something to enhance your ability clogs your ability to be ethically moral with yourself and others. Conclusion God does not tolerate evil or moral indifference. To prevent sin from separating ourselves from His Word we must stay in accordance with his moral order. Only those willing to treat Gods moral order with same respect shown by the physical order are completely obedient to the Christian code, there is yet any other system that can claim absolute truth from God sent to humanity. We rely on God and His Word to show moral order (Christian Ethics, n.d). Paul will feel morally and ethically better if he chooses to resist this temptation presented by his other teammates. Paul also will not have the all sudden added addiction created by drug use nor will he be affected health wise by the negative consequences of the performance- enhancing drug that is being abused by other teammates. His only affect would be of losing his starting position on team but the greater consequence could be death if he chooses wrongly in his decision when teammate offers him the sample of the drug to try. References Christian Moral and Ethical Dilemmas, Dealing with Dilemmas Predicaments and Sticky Situations. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://godsmercyandgrace.com/indexm15.htm Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/medical-consequences-drug-abuse What is Christian ethics? (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.gotquestions.org/Christian-ethics.html Christian Ethics. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.allaboutworldview.org/christian-ethics.htm

Corporate Governance Mechanisms Essay -- Business Administration

INTRODUCTION The relationship between the owners of a company and those who run the company is classified as an agent/principal relationship. In most cases this kind of relationship gives rise to a potential problem called the agency problem. This agency problem usually will occur where there is a conflict of interest between the desires of the principal and that of the agent. This is not a rare occurrence. It has been predominantly found to occur in companies where the directors are the agent and the shareholders who are the owners of the company is the principal. It is not unusual for managers to sometimes want to pursue their own interests at the expense of the company to whom they have a duty to act in its best interest. Certain decision-taking may not be in the interest of the company for example, excessive risk taking without foresight of the long term consequences. Most times the action and inactions of management may have dire consequences on the company which may in the long run stigmatize a company as an underperforming one. Consequently, managers who pursue their own interests rather than that of the company may underperform its duties. The following corporate governance mechanisms can play a major role in preventing managers from engaging in activities that lower firm value thereby incentivizing management to perform excellently. This essay will briefly consider three of those mechanisms that gear management towards excellent performances. Board Composition: This is a principal mechanism through which the shareholders can check managerial performance. If a management team is not performing well, the shareholders could direct the board of directors to fire the incumbent team and replace them with better perfor... ...eves that it â€Å"has changed the attitudes and practices of U.S managers†, stating that â€Å"it represents the most effective check on management autonomy ever devised. And it is breathing new life into the public corporations†. Works Cited Scharfstein David, ‘the Disciplinary role of Takeovers’ [1988] 55 the review of economic studies 185 accessed 27 November 2009 p 185. Julian Franks, Collin Mayer, ‘Hostile takeovers and the correction of managerial failure’ [1996] 40 Journal of Financial Economics 163 accessed 27 November 2009 p163. Ibid

My Definition of Terrorism :: Terrorism, Terrorists, 2015

To me, terrorism is the use of violent actions to provoke fear or terror in a population for the purpose of spreading a message. I agree with Moeller in that terrorism is distinguished from other forms of violence in that â€Å"The victims and the intended audience of a terrorist act are not the same,†1 and â€Å"the psychological impact of a terrorist act is intended to be greater than the physical damage caused. The goal of terrorism is to send a message, not defeat the enemy.†2 Additionally, in regards to Moeller’s questions of whether terrorism is a tactic or ideology, terrorism is purely a tactic among many others, not an ideology at all. I do not believe that actions can be crimes or acts of war. Those are purely interpretations of those reacting to events. In some jurisdictions, terrorism is a crime. At least one nation has chosen to consider it an act of war. I consider these judgments to be separate from the definition of the action. Similarly, the usage of transnational pre-emptive force is irrelevant to a definition. I disagree with Moeller in her assertion that terrorism is targeted at civilians. Terrorism can be targeted at military troops as well, as they are a population. Whenever the nature of an attack is to invoke fear over causing direct damage, it qualifies as terrorism. My definition is broad, encompassing many actions not always considered terrorism, and seeks to avoid entangling terrorism with other topics. Works Cited: Moeller, Susan. 2009. Packaging Terrorism; Co-opting the News for Politics and Profit. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

Heinz Marketing: SWOT PEST and Five Forces :: GCSE Business Coursework Essays

Executive Summary F.M.C.G. Company Heinz is the most global U.S. based food company, with a world-class portfolio of powerful brands holding number 1 and number 2 market positions in more than 50 worldwide markets. There are many other famous brand names in the company ¡Ã‚ ¦s portfolio besides Heinz itself, StarKist, Ore-Ida, Plasmon, and Watties. In fact, Heinz owns more than 200 brands around the world and makes over 5,700 varieties. The Company was founded in 1869 by Henry J Heinz called Heinz and Noble Company. In the 1870s during the depression the company went into voluntary liquidation. The company was started up again in 1876 by Henrys relatives John and Frederick the company was called F & J Heinz. In 1888 Henry bought the company back, in 1905 Henry bought the first Heinz British factory. British made backed beans first came of the lines in 1928 and spaghetti followed in 1930. We analyse Heinz using S.W.O.T., P.E.S.T. and Porter ¡Ã‚ ¦s five forces. S.W.O.T. Analysis: Strengths; Brand names, Market Leader and Slogans and Advertising. Weaknesses; Mature product, Production cost, and other market leaders Opportunities; Market growth, Brand name and Consumer Feedback Threats; Competitors and Brand loyalty P.E.S.T Analysis: Political Factors; Law, employee legislation and Health and Safety regulations Economic Factors; National Economy and Labour market Social Factors; Attitudes and Health conscious, Lifestyle changes and Population Technological Factors; New product development, Information technology and Infrastructure Development. Porter ¡Ã‚ ¦s five forces: Threat of Entry, is high Threat of Buyers, buying power is low Power of Suppliers, is low Threat of Substitutes, is medium Competitive Rivalry, is medium to high Introduction We have carried out a study on the F.M.C.G Company Heinz. Heinz is the most global U.S based food company, with a world-class portfolio of powerful brands holding number 1 and number 2 market positions in more than 50 worldwide markets. There are many other famous brand names in the company ¡Ã‚ ¦s portfolio besides Heinz itself, StarKist, Ore-Ida, Plasmon, and Watties. In fact, Heinz owns more than 200 brands around the world and makes over 5,700 varieties. In this study we analyses the company using a S.W.O.T analysis, P.E.S.T analysis and Porter ¡Ã‚ ¦s Five Forces. We also answered the following two questions; 1. Identify 5 characteristics that consumers look for in modern fast-moving consumer food goods. Compare the characteristics you identify with those identified by someone else in your class. 2. Working in a small group. Brainstorm a series of ideas for the future development of Heinz Spaghetti. Having identified the ideas, list them in order of viability.

Public Speaking Self Reflection Essay

During the first week of class we learned about presentations and talking in front of people. At which each individual experienced nervousness and fear. As we gave our presentations each person was given a critique on strengths and weaknesses. I saw many weaknesses in my presentation and intend on working on finding ways to improve them into strengths. Some anxiety signs I noticed were speaking too fast and moving around. I feel maybe I rushed the presentation and possibly distracted by my thoughts and material in my hands. I didn’t have the correct mind set to calm down and speak clearer and slower. I wanted to get the presentation over with so I think I went in with the mind set of doing it fast. I think one way to work on that is take my presentations more seriously and find ways to enjoy them. Looking at the class while speaking may also contribute to this, because they seemed just as disinterested as I was. I think that may have messed with my head a bit but I need to work on ways to look and feel more enthusiastic, that way the class can feel the same. What I hope to accomplish in this class is get rid of the anticipation and nervousness I get before and during speeches and presentations. Though I don’t have a  problem speaking in front of people, I want the feeling to be second nature to me. Ways to improve that is practice talking with strangers and giving speeches or presentations in front of friends and family. If I can’t talk in front of my friends and family, then chances are I can’t do it in front of strangers. In conclusion, it was refreshing to get feedback from your peers in order to better yourself. A lot of times the presentation goes well in our head, or least we think so, but it doesn’t quite come out exactly like you thought. Having the kind of criticism is healthy because even though we practice, we don’t notice things about ourselves, like body language or tone of voice. Practice doesn’t make perfect but practice makes permanent. If you practice wrong, you risk bad habits and risk doing it wrong.

Marketing Mix and Branding

MARKETING MIX: PRODUCT AND BRANDING STRATEGIES Abstract Brands have now transcended their general definition of just being a name or logo that differentiates them from other products in the market to a more humane and characterized version to which people can relate to and come to depend on in their everyday lives. According to Fournier brands create relationship with customers. This paper agrees with the statement in the goods only category for Coca Cola however for the service only it does not hold true in this particular case for Disney’s Pixar Animation Studio. Lastly, it looks at the implications for managers and how they can support their brand to outshine others in the market and garner a more loyal base resulting in profits. Marketing Mix: Products and Branding Strategies The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a â€Å"name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of other sellers†. However, in today’s competitive and consumer driven world brands are no longer simply names to identify a certain product or service they have taken the shape of a living character that has the ability to be a part of one’s self, family and everyday life (Fournier, 1998) Brand Ambassadors Brands have evolved into ‘people’ for consumers. When we talk about a brand we don’t just mean to consume a product or service. Repeated purchases and the satisfaction derived from them takes brands to a higher level. Brand loyalists expect brands to not only cater to their immediate but also psychological needs such as provide comfort, superior quality or service. There is a sense of attachment and relatedness to brands. Marketers and brand managers have started thinking of brands as not only a colorful logo or a catching tag-line and attractive packaging but also by characterizing it. Rolex has consistently presented its brand as a symbol of ‘power and success’ reinforcing it through advertising their watches through two most successful players, Tiger Woods and Roger Federer. Brand managers are looking for ‘brand ambassadors’ to carry out the personalization of brands and the benefits they have to offer to the consumer. People expect brands to deliver their expectations like from human beings and not to disappoint them. Successful brands always stay ahead and think of their consumer needs and how they can be personalized more so the brand becomes an essential part of their everyday lives. Enterprise Rent-a-Car has personalized its brand through its superior customer service. They understood their consumer’s needs for immediate and convenient service and whenever a car breaks down or is unavailable Enterprise’s name comes up the first thing in our heads. People have formed a relationship with McDonald’s Golden Arches and Ronald McDonald. Wherever they will see a familiar, smiling Ronald McDonald they’ll know the restaurant is present even if it’s in a foreign country. The New Coke vs. Coke Classic The best example of customer- brand relationship is of Coca-Cola Classic and the New Coke. Coca Cola has been in the maturity stage of the product life cycle for a long time as it continues to cater to millions of consumers worldwide across 200 countries everyday and continues to remain substantially profitable and ahead of its competitors. It has met with competition from Pepsi and other beverage makers yet it markets the top four of five beverage brands in the world. In 1985, New Coke was revealed to the consumers amid much fan fare, TV commercials and promises of ‘smoother but bolder’ taste. Though product surveys had concluded that the taste of New Coke was preferred however, the deep attachment of consumers to the original Coca Cola formula and their association with it was so strong that Coca Cola soon saw consumers protest and hoarding of the old version of product. On July, 11 the New Coca Cola was taken off shelves. â€Å"We did not understand the deep emotions of so many of our customers for Coca-Cola. † (Keough, n. d) As mentioned earlier, successful brands keep their consumers needs in view however Coca Cola made the error of not asking their loyal consumers if they even wanted to change their favorite beverage (Craig, n. ) Thus, this clearly shows that consumers form a relationship with brands and come to rely on it. They reject changes that take away that personalization aspect from the product that makes it their favorite. Even after 20 years the original Coca Cola is still the most preferred brand of millions worldwide. Disney Pixar Animation Studios With the advent of computers, animation has become an integral part of movies and they continue to entertain young and adults alike. Disney’s Pixar is a name among many which has produced outstanding movies like Wall-E, Ratatouille, Finding Nemo, etc. All these movies have fascinated viewers and pulled in billions of dollars worth of business. However, brand loyalty would not be the term for Pixar. Audiences enjoy movies that provide great entertainment and although Pixar provides excellent animates stories and characters and audiences expect them to do so yet they will basically focus more on the film rather than the movie studio producing it. Audiences are pulled in by the movie storylines, their characters and how they are portrayed. Even though big movie studios have better resources and greater distribution networks yet it does not guarantee them blockbuster movies every time. Animation studios like Pixar are in the maturity stage where other studios like Dream works SKG is also trying to make its marks and produce quality animated movies including Shrek, Kung Fu Panda and others which were also successful at the box office. Therefore what pulls in audiences is not the studio name itself rather it’s the story line and the entertainment provided by the movie. Implication for Brand Managers Fournier’s customer-brand relationship holds true for the goods only category in this paper whereas for the studio example it does not hold true. Brand management is an important aspect for any company that wishes to succeed in the consumer market. To have an effective position in the minds of the consumers and the ways to attract them and make them loyal to their particular brand is what most marketers aim to do. A foundation of brand loyalists allows the organization to charge a higher price and spend less on advertising, free trials and other promotional costs, with final result being an increase in shareholder wealth and continued profits. The key to managing brand identity is evolution, not revolution. Marketers are often tempted to radically change brands and products, which is a highly visible activity. Totally changing the brand visuals can give rise to consumer concerns about changes of ownership, or possible changes in brand values, or even unjustified extravagance (cited in Bennett & Rundel-Thiele, 2005) Marketers must seek to be maximally different from competitors, and this requires more radical innovation. Brand managers must take risks. One successful launch involving a maximum difference will be very profitable and far more memorable for customers. Organizations seeking to improve brand loyalty should first identify the level at which their brand is successfully operating (functional, emotional or symbolic), and then develop marketing programs designed to resonate with the consumer at that level in a way that differentiates the brand from the competition. The ultimate goal for a brand manager would be a brand community, where consumers affiliate with other consumers around a brand (cited in Bennett & Rundel-Thiele, 2005). References Bennett, R. & Rundel-Thiele, S. (2005). The Brand loyalty life cycle: implications for marketers. Journal of Brand Management, 12(4), Retrieved February 17, 2010 from http://web. ebscohost. com/bsi/pdf? vid=3&hid=106&[email  protected] Craig, S. (n. d). New coke and other marketing fiascoes. Retrieved February 17, 2010 from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/7209828/ Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, Retrieved February 17, 2010 from http://web. ebscohost. com/bsi/pdf? vid=3&hid=106&[email  protected] Keough, D. R. (n. d). New coke and other marketing fiascoes. Retrieved from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/7209828/ Lake, L. (n. d. ). What is Branding and how important is it to your marketing strategy? Retrieved Fevruary 17, 2010 fromhttp://marketing. about. com/cs/brandmktg/a/whatisbranding. htm

Responses to the Spread of Buddhism

Responses to the Spread of Buddhism Although some elites in China found Buddhism to be important for the development of China between 220 CE and 570 CE, as time progressed through this period, Buddhism’s popularity seemed to decrease. Between 200 CE and 500 CE, scholars and the few followers of Buddhism seemed to have simply been trying to inform the people about Buddhism and they were attempting to gain popularity. Unfortunately, by around 819 CE, people seemed to have started disproving of Buddhism as China started to turn towards a more imperial society.Shortly after the fall of the Han Dynasty in 220 CE Buddhism started to spread very rapidly throughout the Chinese society. The people of China in this period were in a devastated state with no structured government and a falling economy. For them, Buddhism was a form of mental escape and it gave them a chance to let go of the natural world and reach a peace of mind. The first sermon preached by Buddha (Doc 1) was preached t o help people who were unaware of the religion to acknowledge it and realize that it is a religion that will give them an opportunity to forget about the current devastation they are in.The sermon teaches the people that there is no point in grieving over something and instead they should rid themselves of their pleasures and try to look beyond the material world. The sermon teaches that every negative feeling someone might have is a form of sorrow and getting rid of that sorrow is the only way to attain happiness. Zhi Dun (Document 2) is conveying both to Buddhists followers and non-followers of Buddhism that Buddha is the almighty. He is trying to teach the people that without recognizing and obeying Buddha, it is impossible to attain enlightenment.Both Dun and Buddha are find Buddhism to be relieving and are attempting to gain more followers. Both documents are attempting to convince and inform people of what Buddhism really is and how it can help one’s mental stability. A fter about 500 CE, as Chinese people seemed to start rethinking their disposition on Buddhism more people became accepting of Buddhism and other religions or philosophies to coexist. Both â€Å"The Disposition of Error† (Doc 3) and Zong Mi (Doc 5) are neutral in their point of view of religion and they are both willing to accept more than one religion. â€Å"The Disposition of Error† is claiming that Confucianism and Buddhism should both be accepted and that Confucian and Buddhist practices should not have to wholly agree with each other in order for both of them to be accepted. Although ancient Confucian scriptures to not contain any mention of Buddhism, it does not mean the Buddhism cannot be practiced by anyone because Confucian scriptures do not consist of every possible view of the world. Likewise, Zong Mi (Doc 3) believes that Confucianism, Daosim, and Buddhism all took a major role in creating the orderly society that the Chinese were currently living in.He beli eved the all three were equal in their teachings even if they were being taught in various ways and they should all be accepted with the same amount of respect. After the late 700s, as societies in China became more developed and a finally stable nation seemed to be right around the corner, people started to view Buddhism as impractical in their current societies. They felt that practicing Buddhism would cause much disruption in the society. This mentality started to develop because Buddhism asked for a person to let go of everything in life and to live independently.Unfortunately, not many people liked this lifestyle anymore because in order for the society to function there would have to be a working class and in order to increase population, a man must be able to start a family neither of which Buddhism allows. Han Yu (Doc 4) felt that Buddhism was a crude religion and that Buddha himself was an immoral person. He felt that Buddha disobeyed Confucianism which he claimed to follow and he did not even follow a simple dress code for the society.Yu sees Buddha as a form as a rebel and did not understand the importance of obeying rules. Yu is disgusted at the fact that servants and citizens are bringing back newly found remains of Buddha’s body into the palace. Similarly, Emperor Tang Wu (Doc 6) believes that practicing Buddhism is extremely unreasonable. He feels this way mainly because Buddhism does not allow men to work or contribute to society and that is vital in order for the developing Chinese society to keep building.Wu finds Buddhism as evil because he believes it causes people to abandon their responsibilities as a part of society such as having kids and cultivating their crops, much like the ideas of Han Yu. Although many different documents from various time periods were provided, additional points of view could help the reader’s analysis on the response to Buddhism more accurate. For example, all of the documents were of only elite cla ss people while the readers are unaware of what a peasant in the society feels about Buddhism.A peasant’s input would be a great contribution to the overall analysis of responses because peasants make up most of the population so their point of view would be extremely important. Another possible extra opinion could be that of a woman. Although a woman’s opinion didn’t necessarily have much importance in early China, it may still be important for us to know whether women truly accepted Buddhism, or if they went along with it only because they were forced to.All in all, Buddhism was met with many mixed reviews in its introduction shortly after the fall of the Han Dynasty. At first many people found Buddhism as an excuse to not have to cope with the devastating society they were living in. However, as time progressed and China’s future seemed much brighter, people started feeling as though Buddhism was in fact hindering the society from being able to move fo rward and catch up with the rest of the world. Overall, Buddhism has greatly affected our world’s past and present and with without it, we wouldn’

Global Warming (Cause and Effects)

GLOBAL WARMING Since the late 19th century Earth’s atmosphere and oceans have been getting warmer. According to a research by America’s Climate Choices the average temperature of Earth’s surface increased by about 0. 8 Â °C over the past 100 years. There are a lot of causes of global warming. The causes can be split up into two groups’ natural causes and man-made causes. Natural causes occur without the effect of humans. There are two natural causes one of them is the earth goes through a cycle of climate change that lasts about 40. 00 years. The other cause is release of methane gas from some part of the earth. Man-made causes are the biggest affection of global warming. According to National Geographic, there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming and humans emit them in a variety of ways. Pollution is the one of the biggest man-made problems. Pollution occurs in many ways. For example, burning fossil fuels, when fossil fuels are burned th ey give off a kind of greenhouse gas. Another major man-made cause is population. More people mean more food.And to provide more food, fossil fuels are used more often. And more people mean more transportation. This is one of the biggest problem increasing use of fossil fuel. Global warming has observable effects on environment. There are a lot of effects for example: -Ice is melting worldwide. -Sea level rise became faster over the last century. According to the NASA effects that scientists had predicted in the past would result from global climate change are now occurring for example: loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more intense heat waves.And if warming continuous, other effects could happen, for instance: -Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger. -Ecosystems will change, some species will become extinct. -Less fresh water will be available. -Floods and droughts will become more common. So, we can contribute to this global cause with pers onal actions. Our individual efforts are especially significant. We can help immediately by becoming more energy efficient. Reducing our use of oil, gasoline and coal also sets an example for others to follow. Global Warming (Cause and Effects) GLOBAL WARMING Since the late 19th century Earth’s atmosphere and oceans have been getting warmer. According to a research by America’s Climate Choices the average temperature of Earth’s surface increased by about 0. 8 Â °C over the past 100 years. There are a lot of causes of global warming. The causes can be split up into two groups’ natural causes and man-made causes. Natural causes occur without the effect of humans. There are two natural causes one of them is the earth goes through a cycle of climate change that lasts about 40. 00 years. The other cause is release of methane gas from some part of the earth. Man-made causes are the biggest affection of global warming. According to National Geographic, there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming and humans emit them in a variety of ways. Pollution is the one of the biggest man-made problems. Pollution occurs in many ways. For example, burning fossil fuels, when fossil fuels are burned th ey give off a kind of greenhouse gas. Another major man-made cause is population. More people mean more food.And to provide more food, fossil fuels are used more often. And more people mean more transportation. This is one of the biggest problem increasing use of fossil fuel. Global warming has observable effects on environment. There are a lot of effects for example: -Ice is melting worldwide. -Sea level rise became faster over the last century. According to the NASA effects that scientists had predicted in the past would result from global climate change are now occurring for example: loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more intense heat waves.And if warming continuous, other effects could happen, for instance: -Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger. -Ecosystems will change, some species will become extinct. -Less fresh water will be available. -Floods and droughts will become more common. So, we can contribute to this global cause with pers onal actions. Our individual efforts are especially significant. We can help immediately by becoming more energy efficient. Reducing our use of oil, gasoline and coal also sets an example for others to follow.